The precise dose is a life-and-death matter therefore the IAEA has several program components to assist institutions in the members of the countries and aspect of radiation therapy and diagnosis. For this technique, Rosalyn Sussman Yalow was awarded Nobel Prize in 1977. There are numerous applications of radioisotopes in medical fields one of the revolutionized techniques is radioimmunoassay this is used to detect and quantify minute levels of tissues components such as hormones, enzymes, or serum proteins by measuring the components ability to bind to an antibody or other proteins in competition with a standard amount of the same component that had been radioactivity tagged in the laboratory. The World Health Organization (WHO) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) jointly coordinated a research program on radioactive tracers in cardiovascular diseases and searched for clues to this widespread health problem. Shorter half-lives of radioisotopes are used in medicine because they decay quickly and they are suitable for medical diagnosis and therapy. The radioisotopes have been a valuable gift to many braches of medicine and biology. The application of radioisotopes in medical, industry, and research field has served human civilization over a several decades. At present more than 200 radioisotopes were produced from nuclear reactors and accelerators. More than thousand natural radioisotopes are present in our nature.
The radioactive decay law was also proposed by him. The name “isotope” was first suggested by Soddy in 1913. The discovery of isotope was one of the results of work on the radioactive elements. Further investigation by M. Curie and P. Curie (1898) and Rutherford (1911) showed that radioactivity is exhibited by heavy elements such as uranium, thorium, and radium. Scientific understanding of radiation and radioactivity and their benefits and effects on humans, that’s back almost century to the pioneering work of Roentgen (1895) and Becquerel (1896). Therefore, without radiation life does not exist. All organisms including human beings on the earth are getting benefits from radiation in a direct way without realizing it. Therefore we live in a natural radioactive world. The radiation coming from the sun is due to the nuclear fusion it is very essential for the existence of life on earth. In addition to these, some of the radionuclides such as polonium and radium are present in our bones our muscle contains radiocarbon and radiopotassium, radon, thoron, and their progeny in our lungs, and they emit ionizing radiation.
We are continuously exposed to natural and artificial radiations. Radiation and radioactivity existed long before life evolved on the earth and are indispensableparts of the environment.
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